13 ޖެނުއަރީ 2008

ބަސްވާރުންގެ ނަޒަރުން - 1

ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ގަވާއިދާއި ހަމަތައް އަލުން ދިރާސާކޮށް އެކަށައެޅުން މުހިންމެވެ.

- ޢަބްދުލްޢަޒީޒު ޖަމާލު އަބޫބަކުރު -

ea cnegiawlwb iawdOh urwviruh cawtuzufwl cseviawgcaehwb emcnok egEyinud
cnutogim .eveaenWdiverukWmwj cSwkwtof caea caekwtuzufwl Whiruh ELua cSokcnunEb cSwkwdnih
ea csevwmwn .eveaenWdiLeawDwk udwdwA egukwuzufwl Whiruh iruh cSwkwdnih ea iawgcaehwb
cSwkWlcSokWzWdcnwa csevcSwkwkea udwdwA egiawlumuj enEdcaefua cnegcSokcnunEb cawtuzufwl
Ikwhwb .eveaevOn caerwvcnim caenim ikwv cSwmudcaefua wlumuj Inehea .eveaenEgnEn csev
.eveaeruhWkwkwtubwbws emcnwtik wdwfim Inevenub EkeCcaea iretcnudcaefua
 

Edefua wlumuj cswnugnEn cnwLwawDnwk udwdwA egiawlumuj Evelukea iawguhwb
wncnoa iawfevcnWywb iLeawDnwk Ikwkwtiawb egiawlumuj iaWkwtctwvWb egiawlumuj iaWtog
csev cSwCcawm egukwtulUBua egutog wncnoa iawfirutea caeawlumuj idwa .evekeCcaea
cSwmcliA WdOh iawlwb cSwCcawmegutogErutea cawtuzufwl iawgiawlumuj .eveaenWdivekedwkwhWv
.evea "csckeTcnis" IneLua iawyik iwgumcliAIvwhwb
 

wmwhiruf Ikwawlumuj cnutog WviawfcSokcnWywb iawg (1984)udiAWvwq eguhwb ihevid
caeawb egurEb .evekemwnWyik cSwkwkwtcswb Wviawfiveliawrutwa cSwtog WvwhEd caeawnWm
wtwvun (clause) caeDnwgiawm Ikwawlumuj iawgutog WviawfcSokcnWywb cnurWvcswb
.evekemwn Wyik cSwkwywb wDuk egudiaWvwg ,Wviawfivelukea cSwCcawm egcaekwtuDnwgiawm
cSwtogWvwhEd wnWm Inwyik im Eawlumuj cniawdwf EnWvwncnwgiawDwvignea
caeawnWm wmwhiruf !edWa cSwkwtog WvunwhEd caeawnWm .eveSwkwTes uzufwl Wviawfiveliawrutwa
csev cniawlumuj .eveaevun cSwkwawlumuj IkwTes uzufwl Wviawfiveliawrutwa cSwtogWvunwhEd
egukwtuzufwl egurwTcaoa .evencnegiawnwmih caekwtuzufwl WvwhEd caeawnWm InWvwhEd caeawnWm
caeawhEd caeawnWm inwkea cnukwkwtufwl utwkcawswm EdeviretIhea cSwtwkcawswm
.eveaenEverukun
 

wncnoa cnwncnef caeawnWm cnuSufurEb egcaezufwlea Ikwkwtuzufwl egurwTcaoa)
(1999) cnwgenif cDwvcDea Wviawgumwk caerWvcswb urUhcxwm ,cSwmwk cawtuzufwl
cned cniaeret egukwtuzufwl egurwtcawv ed wncnuh iawguhwb .eveaeviawfiawvcawrukcnWywb
.evekwtuzufwl (functional) EdeviretIhea wtwvun uzufwl egutwkcawswm IkwtwvWb wncnuh
ukwmwkea WvunwhEd caawnWm uriawncnoa inwkea caezufwl ea Ikwkwtuzufwl egutwvWbim
wnWm wmwhiruf (cnukwawlumuj ea) cnumuawa iawgcaeawlumuj cnegiLugWkwtuzufwl egurwTcaoa
eguhwbihevid .evekwtuzufwl wdwfim cSwa ,eruv .evea ,iaWa :cSwkwlWsim .evekwtuzufwl WvwhEd
cSwLwgnwr cSwrwv cnuLufEb wyit cnwk"urukwa" Inwyik cSwkwtuzufwl egutwvWbim iawgudiaWvwg
(.eveaenWvwncnwgiawDwvened
 

:cawtctwvWb egiawlumuj -1
.eveaehejcnWliawlwb cSwkwtoged iawgumuLeawDnwk cawtctwvWb egiawlumuj
aWmuLeawDnwk ctwvWb egiawlumuj cnegiawlwb cSwdwBcqwm iaWmunEb egiawlumuj Iaea
.evemuLeawDnwk cnegiawlwb cSwDnwginoa egiawlumuj
 

:cawtctwvWb egiawlumuj cnegiawlwb cSwDnwginoa egiawlumuj 1.1
cSwDnwginoa egiawlumuj cnutogWv iawg (1984)udiAWvwq eguhwbihevid
csevwmwn .eveawlumuj inOk iaWawlumuj WdWs Iaea .eveSwkwywb ed Ineheb wlumuj cnegiawlwb
WvcawrukcnWywb (999) cnwgenif cDwvcDea Wviawgumwk caerWvcswb urUhcxwm egEyinud
Iaea .eveaeruh wlumuj egcaetwvWb cnit uriaWlwb cSwDnwginoa WviawfivEr wlumuj iawgutog
uriaWlwb cnutog im .eveawlumuj inOk (n) iaWawlumuj ivukea (S) iaWawlumuj WdWs (h)
eguhwb ihevid csevwmwn .eveTcauhwbea cnwncnef ctwvWb cnit im cseviawguhwb ihevid
caea Ikwawlumuj inOk iaWawlumujivukea Inwviawfcsiawa cnumwlwb cSwnwtWhim iawgudiAWvwq
ihevid ukeaWmuruh caekwtutWfwt iawgurwtcawv ed im csevwmwn cnehea .eveawgumwk caetwvWb
.eveaehejcnwvwncnwd iawgumwkumcaihum cnurukikwv ctwvWb ed im cseviawguhwb
 

:wlumuj WdWs (h)
.eveawlumuj Wviawfivelukea cSwCcawm egcaerwbwK iaWkwywb csia Ikwawlumuj WdWs
iawfevWnib wlumuj egurwtcawvim .eveawlumuj Evelukea caemwk iaWkwa Wrukcnwk wtwvun
IlwA (2) .evekeaWsurwdwm Iaim (1) :ulWsim .eveSwCcawm egcaeDnwgiawm emcneaInWncnoa
.eveaInwdin
 

WvuLWdiv cnuLufEb WviawfiawvcawrukuliBWH umIluAwt cniaWriaWd eguhwb isErignia
isErignia cswTcauh wlumuj egumwn inwkeawmwh iten caemwk iawguhwb ihevid iawgutog
unwhun cSwncnuLufEbEb ivecnedim .eveaenWncnoa caemwk iawgcaeawlumuj emcnok eguhwb
isErignia Inehej cnwvwncnwd uDnwguLwa ,cnumedea cSwfWawm unwhun ukeaWmurukcmWrituHia
this is a school :cSwkwlWsim .eveawkwhWvwncnOn"caemwk" iawgcaeawlumuj emcnok csev iawguhwb
wbea cSwDwguLwa caeCcaeaWvuLWdiv wyit ?eveaOtiawbok Ikwmwk ctoa iawgiawlumuj im
iawgumwk caea Ib uT cbrwv wtwvun caemwk Iaea is InwvuLWdiv wyit .eveaencsiv
cSwkwmwk "caemwk" Iaea is csevwmwn .evehwb caea csev uDnwguLwa ?eveaOtcnUn
caelwmwA csevemcnok cnukwzufwl ea Ikwmwk ,Ikwbwbws .evemwrukun caelUbwg uDnwguLwa
Wvea iawgItwm ?eveaOt caelwmwA cnok InwvwhEd cnuzufwl im .evekwtuzufwl WvwhEd
"Ia" ctoaea iawgiawlumuj ivinwncnwa ubijWv EdcSokWdwa ctoa ea iawgiawlumuj isErignia
wlumuj WdWs WmIvcnehea ".evekeaWsurwdwm Iaim" .eveaedcSokWdwa csevcnurukwa im
Wkwywb csia .eveaehejun cSwkWkcawd wkwhWv egcaemwk cnehemcnok iawgumurukcnWywb
.evekeawlumujWdWs Ikwawlumuj emcnok (Enemih uDnwgiawmcaea) EvelukeacSwCcawm egcaerwbwK
 

:wlumuj ivukea (S)
ed iawgcaeawlumuj ea (Ikwa cscneTcnes cDcnuawpcmwk) Ikwawlumuj ivukea
ikwv cnukwawlumuj ea wmwnWvwncnwd cSwkwtog cnehea .eveawlumuj Wviawfivelukea caeDnwgiawm
Inwncnuh iawfiawdcawfua cawtwlumuj wdwfim iawguhwb ihevid .eveawlumuj enWdideh wlumuj ed
ed egiawlumuj WdWs cnukwrukwaWvuLug csevemcnok wdwf "cnutog" ,"uria" ,"csevwmwn"
udwmcawHum ccsevwmwn inub cnehea WnEa (1) :cSwkwlWsim .evencnegiawvuLug caeawlumuj
WnEa (3) .eveawfiawdin Itoa WnIswh uriaiawa cnuhImea (2) .eveaerukun caelUbwq cnwkea
.eveaivurwvWvurwm cnudwl cnerwhwa cnutog iruk cnwkea
 

csevcnukwmunub emcnok cswyilcSok ikwv cnunub ed wncnoa iawgiawlumuj ivukea
cSwkwlWsim .eveaenEdcaefua wlumuj ed ulcaiqwtcsum ikwv .eveaenWvwhEd caeawnWm ikwv
cnerwhwa cnutog iruk cnwkea WnEa" ?eveaOtWmwliawlwb cSwawlumuj wnwv 3 eg (S) eg 1.1
urukwa WvuLug Enemih iawgiawlumuj im .eveSwawlumuj im ".eveaivurwvWvurwm cnudwl
WnEa" .eveaedcaefua wbea caeawlumujed ikwv wmwnifiawlcSokinua cniawlumuj ea ("cnutog")
ed im .eveawlumujed im ".evea ivurwvWvurwm cnudwl cnerwhwa" iaWa "iruk cnwkea
ed egiawlumujWdWs Ikwawlumuj ivukea WmIvcnehea .eveaevwhEd wnWm wmwhiruf csevcnumunub
.eveawlumuj Wdcawfua cnegiawlWvuLug cnukwrukwa WvuLug wlumuj
 

:wlumuj inOk (n)
cnehea EdurWb cSwmunub ea ukeaWmutoa caemunub uDnwgiawm Ikwawlumuj inOk
InWv cawtuDnwgiawm wdwfim .eveawlumuj Evelukea cSwCcawm egcaekwtcunub wtwvun caemunub
caekwtuDnwgiawm WviawfihemiawliLug idwa Wruk WsOrwb cSwDnwgiawm caenwa uDnwgiawm caea
iawgiawlumuj im ".evemwnWrukcnwkea cSwkwhwvwa Whiawa WlIlwK" :cSwkwlWsim .eveawgumwk
Whiawa WlIlwK" IkwDnwgiawm caea .eveaev (caeDnwgiawm ed) caemunub ed uDnwgiawm
egiawlumuj im ".evemwnWruk cnwkea cnerwhwa" IkwDnwgiawm caenwa .eveaim "cSwkwhwvwa
caeawnWm cnumunub im .eveaIaim ".evemwnWrukcnwkea cnerwhwa" Ikwmunub uDnwgiawm
uDnwgiawm egiawlumuj Iaim "cSwkwhwvwa Whiawa Whiawa WlIlwk" ,ctoa cned .eveaevwhEd
cnunub im .evekemunub .evekeDnwgiawm EdurWb cSwDnwgiawm IsWswa wtwvun cSwmunub
im iten cnunub uDnwgiawm egiawlumuj WmIvcnehea .evencnegevWsOrwb cSwmunub caenwa Inwv
caenwa Wviawgiawlumuj Iaim .eveaenWvun caeawhEd csevcaeawnWm cnegevoa inwkea cnunub
WmIvcnehea .evekemunub WviawfevWsOrwb cSwCcawm egumunub ea iawgcaetog EdurWb cSwawlumuj
.eveaevwmWh wbea cSwLwgnwr cSwrwv cnwkcaetwvWbed utWfwt Ikwawlumuj inOk iaWawlumuj ivukea
 

:cawtctwvWb egiawlumuj cnegiawlwb cSwCcawm cSwdwBcqwm egiawlumuj 1.2
ctwvWb eg cnegiawlwb cSwmunEb egiawlumuj iawgutog WvuLWdiv cnurWvcswb
egunWywb wtwvun egurWrwq (1) Iaea .eveaeruh iawguhwb wlumuj egcaetwvWb 4 wmwnWLwawDnwk
wtwvun eguhIrwtcnwa (3) ,wlumuj egulWvus (2) ,wlumuj
cSwKIrWt aWhwb ievid .evetwvWb 4 im ,wlumuj egurumwa (4) wlumuj egunWsuHitcsia
iawg (1984) udiaWvwg eguhwbihevid WviawfiawvcawrukuaiaWx cnuzwkurwm Imuawq WrukctwmudiK
.eveawvcaunwmihun wlumuj eguhIrwtcnwa InwviawfiawvcawrukcnWywb cawtctwvWb egiawlumuj
Wviawfiawvcaed iawgumurukcnWywb cnwtcnwt Ehejcnwhwj ukWm cnWriawH csevwmwn
.eveawlumuj eguhIrwtcnwa Inwncnef cnukwtulWsim
 

:wlumuj (Declarative) egunWywb (h)
iaWtugwv iaWnwt wtwvun iawkwTcSwmurukcnWywb ctogctoa caemwk Ikwawlumuj egunWywb
wtwvun .evekemunub Wnub cSwmunidiawgcnwa caeCcaea udemWkwmwk wtwvun iaWkwhIm iaWnWmwz
.evekemuLeawDnwk WLwawDnwk
.evenUn caeCcaeairuh Wdiawf cSwtwHcaiB IkwaWlOkWkok :ulWsim
 

:wlumuj (Intorrogative) egulWvus (S)
Whwa cnegevcnunEb ubWvwj cnutog egumuvulifcnuLoa caemwk Ikwawlumuj egulWvus
.evekemuhea
?eveycaehiawg caeKIrWt cnok InESef rwTcsemes wnwv 3 egcjelok :ulWsim
 

:wlumuj (Exclamatory) eguhIrwtcnwa (n)
EdcSokwmWh cwawturUAux egcnWsuHitcsia iaWmwkcnWriawH Ikwawlumuj eguhIrwtcnwa
.eveaenWvwdwgurWb eruv cSwawlumuj egunWywb wlumuj egurwtcawv im .eveawlumuj
.evekemwkinif umWrwa WvWhwdWh Ikwmwkinif egukitwf u:lWsim
 

:wlumuj (Imperative) egurumwa (R)
.evekemunub Wnub iawkwTcSwmugcnea cSwmurukun wtwvun cSwmuruk caemwk Ikwawlumuj egurumwa
!eveSWvudet cnunwtimurWhim wmwh :ulWsim
 

:cawtiawb egiawlumuj
cSwtog WvwhEd wnWm cniawdwf Wvcswbcaea cnemcnea cnemuDnwguLwa Ikwawlumuj
cnwkim .evekemwk wncnwd cnemcnea cnemuDnwguLwa Iaim .evekeTesuzufwl Wviawfirutea
uzufwl ea iawgcaeawlumuj ea cSokikwv cawtuzufwl Enemih iawgcaeawlumuj csevwmwn unugnea
cSwywbiawb cawtwlumuj eguhwb ihevid .evenUn caemwkwhEswf Wm Ikwmutwgened uruawd WrukWdwa
(3) cnwk (2) cnwn (1) Iaea .eveaeverukwgwhWf caetwvWb 8 uDnwgiawm cnumuliawhwb
(8) urutia (7) urwdcswm (6) cnwn egurutiacnwn (5) urutiacnwk (4) urutiacnwn
uriaWlwb cnumcliA Ivwhwb Ikwywb emcnok cqniaim .evekwtiawb im urukwa
.eveTinuy wDuk emcnea Evelukea iawgcaeawlumuj IkwTcnwauTiTcscnok .evekeTcnwauTiTcscnok
 

iawgiawlumuj ea (cawtuzufwl) cscTcnwauTiTcscnok Evelukea iawgcaeawlumuj
Inwyik cSwaWsWrid wdwfim .evencnegiawdwh caeaWsWrid InEvenwgened uruawd WrukWdwa
clwrwCckwrcTcs cscTcnwauTiTcscnok wtwvun WsWrid eguDnwginoa cTcnauTiTcscnok
wtwvun caea csisilEnea wdwf im .eveacsisilEnea IrcT wtwvun .evea csisilEnea
cSwrwv cnuLug Wviawgudem egukwtiawb ikea Enemih iawgiawlumuj cnumudeh caeaWsWrid
.evea gcnisrwP IneLuaiawyik iawgumcliA Ivwhwb cSwtwkcawwm im .eveaediawvukcawd cSokitIr
wlumuj cSwCcawm egukwtiawm uDnwgiawm Wviawgcaeawlumuj Ikwa gcnisrWp WmIvcnehea
.evemunidenub cSokcnWywb cnItwm egukwtwmwh iaWdiAWvwq eguhwb iawliawhwb
 

egiawlumuj cnumudeh caeacsisilEnea iawliawhwb cSwkwtiawb egudiawvwg caeawlumuj
egukwtuzufwl irehwkea iaWkwtcscTcnwauTiTcscnok idwa .eveaevuLWf cawtiawb ikwvikwv
cSokufWs cSwrwv csevctwkcawswm egcaezufwl emcnok idwa .eveaevuLuawf csevudiAWvwg
caea umcaWA emcnea ELua cSok cnunEb cSwmudeh caea csisilEnea wdwf im .eveaevwmWh
egiawlUhcswg iaWmwkiawbok IkwawlUhcnwg .evemufih cnunEb eg"wlUhcswg" Ikwtog
.evenUn caedwBcqwm eguDnwguLwa iawgunUmuzwm im Ikwmuawneg cawtulIBufwt
 

iaWawlumuj WdWs uriaWlwb cSwtwvWb egiawlumuj Irukctwkcawswm im uDnwguLwa
cSokwgwhWf cnwkwncnuh cseviawguhwb ihevid wlumuj inOk iaWawlumuj ivukea
egulWvus iaWawlumuj eguNWywb uriaWlwb cSwdwBcqwm egiawlumuj idwa ?eveaOtEverukwmWh
cnwkEnemih ctwvWb 4 im iaWawlumuj egurumwa iaWawlumuj eguhIrwtcnwa iawlumuj
wlumuj iaWmwkcaeTcneauTiTcscnok Ikwywb emcnok Enemih iaegialumuj idwa .eveaOtEverukwmWh
cSwmwkcnegcSokWsWrid uDnwginoa egiawlumuj InEveruk WsWrid iawlwbctog Wviawfirutea
cSwmwkim iaWmwkwncnuh caetog emcnwtik enWruk cawtWsWrid wdwfim .eveSwmuliawvwncnwd
emcnea wlumuj cnegiawhwruk wlUhcswg Ikwrwtcawv caea WrukcnunEb cSokumcaWA emcnea
.evemurukwgwhWf csev cSwmwk cnuliawlwb cSwkwtulIBcfwt idukiduk